Review on Microbial Sources, Production, Purification and Potential Industrial Applications of Laccases

Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) is a multicopper blue oxidase which are involved in the oxidation of a broad range of organic substrates, including phenols, polyphenols, anilines, and even certain inorganic compounds by a one-electron transfer mechanism. Laccases are widely distributed in bacteria, fungai, insects and higher plants. There are mainly two production techniques for cultivation of laccase such as submersed fermentation and solid- state fermentation. This paper briefly discuss the effect of carbon source, effect of nitrogen source, effect of inducers, effects of surfactants, effect of agitator, influence of metal ions and  use of agro-industrial waste in production medium. The paper also discussed the purification techniques such as ammonium sulphate precipitation for extraction purpose followed by dialysis and ion-exchange chromatography as well characterization techniques. Laccases are known to show application ranging from pharmaceutical industries to textile sector as well as in biosensor development. View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i12.00

Detection of Equine Herpesvirus Infection: Sensitivity Assay of Polymerase Chain Reaction

The study was designed to identify the potential diagnostic tool with minimum detection limit in a clinical sample for Equine Herpesvirus Strain -1. An approach of molecular diagnostics was used using reported primers of polymerase chain reaction using in the sample obtained from repository. The PCR primers were specific to ORF 16 gene of EHV-1. Sensitivity assay of PCR detection was performed by making dilutions of EHV-1 positive DNA sample and running each dilution in a PCR and visualizing amplicons in ethidium bromide stained agarose gel under UV radiation. Study was valuable in determining the efficiency of PCR for quick and reliable source as disease survilance.disease surveillance is as equal important as treatment, Without surveillance and diagnostics it is not possible to prevent and control any disease. Key words: EHV-1, Equine Herpes Virus; PCR, Polymerase Chain reaction, ORF 16

Vascular Injury in Total Hip Replacement: Management and Prevention

This chapter analyzed the vascular complications in total hip replacement. Vascular injuries are the uncommon but well recognized and serious issue. During total hip replacement, laceration of major blood vessels has been reported which even cause morbidity and mortality. The injury to vascular structures occurs due to the placement of screws to fix acetabular components, structural grafts, and protrusio cages or rings. Massive hemorrhage resulting in immediate exsanguination may be caused due to the damage of any of these vessels by processes such as drilling, reaming, retraction, or dissection. The majority of these vascular injuries might be better prevented or even more proficiently treated by comprehensive preoperative assessment, better instrumentation, and careful postoperative monitoring

Sensitivity Assay of Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection of Canine Adeno Virus Infection in Dogs

This study was done with the approach of finding out minimum detection limit of canine adeno virus in clinical samples using Polymerase chain reaction.A polymerase chain reaction was performed using reported primers for detection of Canine Adeno Virus (CAV) in the blood sample obtained from different regions of India. Detection and surveillance of desease very important for diagnosis and prevention of Disease.40 samples were screened for CAV infection in a time period of six months. DNA extracted from samples used as templet in PCR reaction using primers specific to E3 gene forward primer ICHA and reverse primer ICHB of CAV1 and CAV2 virus gives a band size of 508 bp which should be the size of amplified product. Positive sample of CAV in PCR were taken for study. Assay was performed using multidilution of extracted DNA of positive sample each dilution were used as template for PCR reaction .End point of the dilution obtained where no band was visible in agarose gel when visualize in geldoc system, same DNA was used for dilutions to check repeatability of PCR .Ten replicate PCR reactions were Studied. The detection limit find was at the dilution of 1:1000 is 0 .20 ng per ?l The study was valuable in determining the efficiency of PCR for detection of CAV Virus in clinical samples. Key words:Canine Adeno Virus (CAV), reported primers, clinical samples, Infectious canine hepatitis, utilizing reported primer

A comparative study on polyp classification using convolutional neural networks

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer diagnosed in both men and women in the United States. Most colorectal cancers start as a growth on the inner lining of the colon or rectum, called ‘polyp’. Not all polyps are cancerous, but some can develop into cancer. Early detection and recognition of the type of polyps is critical to prevent cancer and change outcomes. However, visual classification of polyps is challenging due to varying illumination conditions of endoscopy, variant texture, appearance, and overlapping morphology between polyps. More importantly, evaluation of polyp patterns by gastroenterologists is subjective leading to a poor agreement among observers. Deep convolutional neural networks have proven very successful in object classification across various object categories. In this work, we compare the performance of the state-of-the-art general object classification models for polyp classification. We trained a total of six CNN models end-to-end using a dataset of 157 video sequences composed of two types of polyps: hyperplastic and adenomatous. Our results demonstrate that the state-of-the-art CNN models can successfully classify polyps with an accuracy comparable or better than reported among gastroenterologists. The results of this study can guide future research in polyp classification.University of Kansas grant (2228901

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF MUCOADHESIVE MICROSPHERES OF LEVOFLOXACIN HYDROCHLORIDE

Levofloxacin microspheres with  mucoadhesive polymers like Sodium Alginate, Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Carbopol-940 were prepared by w/o emulsification solvent evaporation method and evaluated. The resulting microspheres were small, discrete, spherical and free flowing. The microspheres showed significant mucoadhesive property in the in-vitro wash-off test. The drug release from the mucoadhesive microspheres followed the controlled release profile. and first order kinetics. Drug release was controlled by the diffusion mechanism. Stability studies were performed at three different temperatures for six weeks. All the formulation showed satisfactory stability profile